Building the new CO₂ capture facilities, pipelines and storage systems on the massive scale and aggressive timelines needed to meet international climate obligations will require significant collaboration between industry, governments, financial institutions and other partners. As governments continue to work on implementing the necessary policies and efficient regulatory processes to support private-sector investment in carbon capture and storage (CCS) from industrial facilities, as well direct removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the industries that depend on the successful development of these technologies for their long-term survival must also set out realistic business models that are not overly reliant on public subsidies to ensure their existence in a net-zero world. What is the right mix of public support and private investment, and how can the billions of dollars required for the expansion of large-scale CCS and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) projects be unlocked so that projects can get underway quickly?